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Toilets 2.0 Compendium

Water Sanitation and Hygiene Institute (WASH Institute) was established in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India in the year 2008 and is dedicated towards providing practical solutions to a wide range of water, sanitation, hygiene and environmental issues.

2026 © WASH Institute All Rights Reserved.

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FAQ

What is a Safai Mitra Surakshit Shehar (SSS)?

An SMSS is a city where no Safai Mitra is forced to clean sewers or septic tanks manually or unsafely. To achieve this, cities must ensure mechanization of hazardous tasks, skilling of workers, provision of safety gear, and institutional systems for safety monitoring. To be certified as a SafaiMitra Surakshit Shehar, at least 80% of the required sanitation workforce must be active, trained, and equipped with the necessary safety gear.

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Mavelikkara

Mavelikkara documents

Document 1

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Madurai

Madurai documents

Document 1

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Planning & Retrofitting- New/ Aspirational Toilet

New/ Aspirational Toilet

Demand Estimation

PRELIMINARY DEMAND ASSESSMENT

For preliminary planning and budgeting purposes, it is recommended to estimate toilet seats by comparing the number of functional seats against the floating population. However, this gives only a broad picture—detailed, local-level spatial assessments are essential before siting or upgrading toilets to avoid underuse or misplacement.

Seats Calculator – ULB level Demand Assessment
Seats Calculator for Tourists towns – ULB level Demand Assessment

SPATIAL DEMAND ASSESSMENT

The spatial demand assessment involves three layered information to pinpoint demand, which are:

Seat utilization assessment of existing toilets
Mapping high activity areas

Mapping open urination (OU) and open defecation (OD) hotspots, if any

GIS based sample Activity Mapping- to be developed
Seat Utilisation Assessment for existing infrastructure

CITIZEN VALIDATION SURVEYS

This step uses structured surveys to engage with residents and gather feedback on preferred toilet locations and accessibility needs. This ensures that proposed sites match user needs.

Citizen Validation Survey Questionnaire

Siting & Sizing

SITING & SIZING

This step helps to identify suitable locations, and the number of toilet seats to be provided based on footfall and user demand. While siting and sizing the toilet Section 2.2 of CPHEEO Guidelines (2025) should be referred for aspirational and regular Public/Community Toilets and Urinals.
Tools

Footfall Assessment mechanisms:
- User Footfall Survey
- ICT based footfall

LEVERAGE EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SHARED ACCESS

ULB can expand toilet coverage without new construction by partnering with Private or Government Institutional Establishments (Fuel Stations, Court Complexes, etc.), subject to feasibility & safety. (Case of Nainital & Medchal). This is applicable especially in areas where land is scarce and demand for access to toilet is high.

However a format agreement recommended to be established to ensure service standards (Sample Agreement)

SITE SELECTION CHECKLIST

This step used a standardized field checklist to evaluate shortlisted sites for critical infrastructure like water and drainage access, lighting, visibility, security, and overall spatial feasibility.

Tools

Site Selection Checklist

Upgrading Existing toilet to Aspirational Toilet

UPGRADATION OF EXISTING TOILET TO ASPIRATIONAL TOILET

ULBs can upgrade existing toilets to meet aspirational standards through rehabilitation. Accessing the national funding of ₹2.5 lakh per seat requires complete demolition and reconstruction. ULBs may choose to improve existing facilities using their own funds or CSR contributions, where full rebuilding is not feasible or necessary.

Design Features for an accessible, inclusive and aspirational toilet

Design Features for an accessible, inclusive and aspirational toilet

Design toilets aligned with national standards, such as those from CPHEEO and MoHUA. Refer Section 2.4 of CPHEEO Guidelines (2025) for technical specifications and standards. ULBs can select from standard design templates or a curated repository of typologies that include layout plans, cost estimates, and urban-specific adaptations, compiled in Not Just Toilet by MoHUA. Finalized designs must ensure accessibility, gender inclusion, and user safety.

Design Features in Aspirational Toilets
Mandatory & Recommended Infrastructure Features in Aspirational and Regular Public Toilets
Space Standards – A gist of all to be prepared
Space standards calculator
- Isometric views of toilet cubicle interiors
Model Architectural Designs

Fund Mobilisation for New Construction

Fund Mobilisation for New Construction

Explore Central and State budget allocations, CSR support, and own sources to fund construction of new construction. Under SBM 2.0, ULBs receive funding for new construction i.e.,

₹1.5 lakhs per seat for community/public toilets,
₹2.5 lakhs per seat for aspirational toilets and
₹0.32 lakhs per seat for Urinals.

Additional support is received for Heritage/high-footfall areas, if justified.

SBM Circular for Community/ Public Toilet Construction
State financing mechanisms – Best practices
Cases of CSRs, Private – HAL, etc.

Contract models

Contract models

This step helps ULBs choose the right implementation model, including partnerships with private operators. It may also offer options for revenue generation through kiosks or advertisements. This step also provides contracts by clearly defining roles, cleaning frequency, and complaint resolution timeline

Contracting Models - Refer Table 5 1: Types of Contracting Agreements of Guidelines on Public and Community Toilets
O&M

Quality Checks

Quality Checks

Quality Checks by ULB are essential to ensure quality of construction and also completion of the project on schedule

CPHEEO Guidelines (2025)
Frequency to be developed

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